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LIVE NIRVANA EQUIPMENT GUIDE Kurt Cobain's Amplifiers and Effects Pedals

A list of the amplifiers and effects pedals that Kurt Cobain used on the road and in the studio, researched & written by Caio Leme with input from NIRVANA guitar technician, Earnie Bailey.

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Effects pedals

Univox Super Fuzz

First and last recording:
Easter, 1986 - Music Room, Earl Residence, Burien, WA (Fecal Matter Illiteracy Will Prevail session)

Boss DS-1

First show:
06/27/87 - Community World Theater, Tacoma, WA
Last show:
09/25/91 - Club Babyhead, Providence, RI
Notes:
A Boss BCB-30 pedalboard with one unit was tried out briefly on 05/09/90 at Stache's, Columbus, OH and again on 05/13/90 at Duffy's Tavern, Lincoln, NE. A unit was malfunctioning and got chucked on 09/01/91 at De Doelen, Rotterdam (Ein Abend in Wien) and also on 09/25/91 at Club Babyhead, Providence, RI. (1) The unit that was used at the Nevermind sessions was likely among items stolen from the band's van as the sessions were wrapping up. (2)
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Boss DM-2

First show:
06/27/87 - Community World Theater, Tacoma, WA
Last show:
03/19/88 - Community World Theater, Tacoma, WA
First recording:
05/06/87 - KAOS Radio, The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA (Skid Row, Out of Order/Toy Train Crash Backside Bone Beefcake session)
Last recording:
06-09/88 - Reciprocal Recording, Seattle, WA (Love Buzz sessions)
Notes:
Used on ‘Love Buzz’ and ‘If You Must.’
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Unknown Wah-wah

First and last recording:
06-09/88 - Reciprocal Recording, Seattle, WA (Love Buzz sessions)
Notes:
Used on ‘Love Buzz’ and ‘Sifting’ (instrumental). Little is known about this particular pedal, please contact me if you have any further information.

Chandler Tube Driver

First and last show:
12/21/88 - Eagles Hall, Hoquiam, WA
Notes:
Borrowed from the Psychlodds' Ryan Aigner. (14)

Arion HU-8500 Stage Tuner

First show:
05/26/89 - Lindbloom Student Center, Green River Community College, Auburn, WA
Last show:
09/22/90 - Motor Sports International Garage, Seattle, WA
Notes:
One unit was stolen on 10/25/89 at the Duchess of York, Leeds, UK (31)
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Pro Co Rat

First show (one-off):
10/08/89 - Lifticket Lounge, Omaha, NE
First show:
06/20/91 - Melody Ballroom, Portland, OR
Last show:
08/21/91 - The Top Hat, Dun Laoghaire, Ireland
First and last recording:
05/02-28/91 - Sound City Studios, Burbank, CA (Nevermind sessions)
Notes:
Used at a few shows after the Nevermind sessions. Kurt Cobain's settings at The Top Hat show were as follows: Distortion: all the way, Filter: 8 o'clock, Volume: 4 o'clock. Krist Novoselic's settings at the Paramount show were as follows: Distortion: 9:30 o'clock, Filter: 11 o'clock, Volume: all the way.
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MXR Distortion +

First show:
10/24/89 - Students' Union, Manchester Polytechnic, Manchester, UK
Last show:
01/18/91 - Library 4300, The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA (No More Wars Benefit)
Notes:
This was Krist's distortion pedal before he started using the Rat. Kurt only used it on 12/03/89 at the Astoria Theatre, London, United Kingdom (Lame Fest UK '89), when he switched pedals with Krist.
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Unknown DOD

First show:
05/09/90 - Stache's, Columbus, OH
Last show:
05/13/90 - Duffy's Tavern, Lincoln, NE
Notes:
Seen on top of the amp. As it's a red stereo pedal, it could be a FX45 Stereo Reverb or a FX62 Bass Stereo Chorus. Little is known about this particular pedal, please contact me if you have any further information.
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Electro Harmonix Small Clone

First show:
01/18/91 - Library 4300, The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA (No More Wars Benefit)
First recording:
05/02-28/91 - Sound City Studios, Burbank, CA (Nevermind sessions)
Last recording:
11/09/91 - Studio 4, BBC Maida Vale Studios (Mark Goodier's Evening session)
Notes:
Rick King from Guitar Maniacs says Kurt bought five units. (4) According to Earnie Bailey, Kurt could possibly have had both SAD1024 and MN3007 versions (5) and he hardwired the deep switch in at least two. (6) The unit used at the Nevermind sessions was likely among items stolen from the band's van as the sessions were wrapping up. (2) On 10/26/93 at the MECCA Auditorium, Milwaukee, WI, the rate knob was set at 11 o'clock.
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Electro Harmonix Big Muff

First recording:
05/02-28/91 Sound City Studios, Burbank, CA (Nevermind sessions)
Last recording:
02/02-26/93 Pachyderm Recording Studio, Cannon Falls, MN (In Utero sessions)
Notes:
Used to record ‘Lithium,’ (9) Kurt had one unit and Butch Vig may have had a Russian version. (8) A unit may also have been used at the Pachyderm sessions. (10) Although it's unclear whether Kurt could have used it, a green Russian unit was among equipment that Krist once brought over to Earnie's house. (5)

Boss DS-2

First show:
09/28/91 - Marquee, New York, NY
Last show as the only distortion:
01/23/93 - Praça da Apoteose, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Hollywood Rock Festival)
Notes:
Used at the In Utero sessions (3) and as secondary distortion during the tour. On 12/02/93 at the Tallahassee-Leon County Civic Center, Tallahassee, FL, it was used during the pre chorus of ‘Smells Like Teen Spirit.’
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MXR Phase 100

First and last recording:
04/07/92 - Laundry Room Studio, Seattle, WA (Lithium b-sides/The Jesus Lizard split-single session)
Notes:
Used on ’Curmudgeon.‘ (12)

Unknown Ibanez soundtank pedal

First and last show:
09/26/92 - Castaic Lake Amphitheater, Castaic, CA
Notes:
Possibly an Ibanez SF/FZ5 '60s Fuzz borrowed from Mark Arm, as he's known to buy this model every time he finds one. (34) Little is known about this particular pedal, please contact me if you have any further information.
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Earnie's Fuzzes

First recording:
Late 92 - Laundry Room Studio, Seattle, WA (Abandoned demo session)
Last recording:
01/19-21/93 - Studio B, BMG Ariola LTDA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (In Utero demo sessions)
Notes:
Earnie Bailey built two fuzzes for Kurt, one called Yung Mann Fuzz, which is a copy of the fuzz section of the Shin-ei FY-8tr with the tone switch hardwired to the scooped mids setting, (5) and the other loosely based on Mosrite Fuzz with a third transistor to boost it over unity gain. He recalls bringing both fuzzes along to the Laundry Room, Word of Mouth Productions and BMG Ariola sessions, though it's unclear if they were used. One was used on The "Priest" They Called Him. (6)
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Electro Harmonix EchoFlanger/Polychorus

First recording:
10/25-26/92 - Word of Mouth Productions, Seattle, WA (Abandoned In Utero demo sessions)
First show:
01/16/93 - Estádio Cícero Pompeu de Toledo (Hollywood Rock Festival), São Paulo, Brazil
Notes:
Was broken ahead of the Pachyderm sessions, but Earnie was able to fix it. (7) Was tried during the rehearsal for Unplugged, but replaced by the Small Clone at the actual show.
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Tech 21 SansAmp

First recording:
02/02-26/93 - Pachyderm Recording Studio, Cannon Falls, MN (In Utero sessions)
First show:
07/23/93 - Roseland Ballroom, New York, NY (New Music Seminar)
Notes:
Originally belonged to Courtney Love. (5) Was used during the Pachyderm sessions. (3) At the Roseland Ballroom (New Music Seminar) show, the DIP switches had different settings.
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Pedal X

First and last recording:
02/02-26/93 - Pachyderm Recording Studio, Cannon Falls, MN (In Utero sessions)
Notes:
Steve Albini recalls Kurt using a Pedal X, made by a friend of his. He describes it as "kind of a ring modulator/overdrive." (3) It was auditioned on the Heart-Shaped Box solo (28), but Krist hated it and it wasn't used in the final mix. (35)
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Countryman Type 85 Direct Box

First show:
10/26/93 - MECCA Auditorium, Milwaukee, WI
Notes:
Typically placed before the effects, with one output connected to them and then balanced out to the desk. On Unplugged, it was used after the effects. (5)
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DOD Grunge

First show:
12/10/93 - Roy Wilkins Auditorium, Saint Paul, MN
Last show:
12/29/93 - San Diego Sports Arena, San Diego, CA
Notes:
At the Live And Loud show, it was used on ‘School’ and then at the end of ‘All Apologies’ and ‘The Man Who Sold The World’ along with SansAmp. It had a bad contact at the San Diego Sports Arena and was mentioned between ‘Sliver’ and ‘In Bloom’ before being thrown into the crowd.
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Boss HM-3

First and last recording:
01/30/94 - Robert Lang Studios, North Seattle, WA (‘You Know You're Right’ sessions)
Notes:
Kurt neglected to bring his pedals to the studio, so wound up using Earnie's pedalboard, (27) which had this pedal. (5)

Live amplifiers

Unknown amp

First and last show:
04/18/87 - Community World Theater, Tacoma, WA
Notes:
Little is known about this particular amplifier, please contact me if you have any further information.
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Unknown amp

First and last show:
05/01/87 - GESCCO, Olympia, WA
Notes:
Kurt might not have used the Fender head or the Peavey combo below, as they were Krist's amps. Little is known about this particular amplifier, please contact me if you have any further information.
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Fender Champ (possibly)

First and last show:
??/??/87 - The Green House (17 Nussbaum Road), Raymond, WA
Notes:
Little is known about this particular amplifier, please contact me if you have any further information.
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Randall RG-120 PH Commander

First show (possibly):
11/23/88 - Speedy O'Tubbs Rhythmic Underground, Bellingham, WA
Last show:
10/08/89 - Lifticket Lounge, Omaha, NE
Notes:
Might have been used at Speedy O'Tubbs, as that was the SoundTech 2x12 cab's first appearance. Possibly is the head that can be seen under the cab on 01/23/88 at Community World Theater. Used on the Bleach USA tour as a power amp, it always had a Sunn head on top. Steve Albini recalls it being used at the Pachyderm sessions. (3) Last seen on Halloween 1990 at Krist's house.
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Sunn Beta Lead Combo

First show:
08/20/88 - Capitol Lake Park, Olympia, WA (Capitol Lake Jam)
Last show:
12/21/88 - Eagles Hall/Foe Aerie 252, Hoquiam, WA
Notes:
Both inputs were used at the Eagles Hall show.
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Randall RG-100 ES

First show (possibly):
11/23/88 - Speedy O'Tubbs Rhythmic Underground, Bellingham, WA
Last show:
02/25/89 - East Ballroom, Husky Union Building, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
Notes:
Little is known about this particular amplifier, please contact me if you have any further information.
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Sunn PL-20

First show:
05/26/89 - Lindbloom Student Center, Green River Community College, Auburn, WA
Last show:
08/26/89 - Center on Contemporary Art, Seattle, WA
Notes:
Used mostly on the Bleach USA Tour. A Marshall cab with taped logo was added at the Lindbloom Student Center show and remained in the rig until the Bleach European tour.
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Sunn Beta Lead

First show:
08/26/89 - Center on Contemporary Art, Seattle, WA
Last show:
05/13/90 - Duffy's Tavern, Lincoln, NE
Notes:
First seen at the show before the Bleach Rescheduled USA tour, on top of the Randall. It was mostly used on the Bleach West Coast and North American Tour, when two more heads were bought. Usually both channels were used. Possibly sold and/or damaged on 05/01/90 at the Cat's Cradle, Chapel Hill, NC. (13) Only one unit was seen at the last appearance. The BFI Bullfrog first appeared on 08/26/89 at the Center on Contemporary Art, Seattle, WA and was last seen on 04/26/90 at the Pyramid Club, New York, NY. It was probably Krist's cab, which Kurt borrowed for a few shows when they returned from Europe. It was replaced by two Soundtech 2x12s and an unknown 2x12 cab.
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Fender Pro Reverb

First show:
10/30/89 - The Wilde Club, Norwich Arts Centre, Norwich, UK
Last show:
11/03/89 - Tivoli, Utrecht, NL
Notes:
Silver panel version, possibly rented and only used at the beginning of the Bleach European tour. It broke on 11/03/89 at the Tivoli, Utrecht, NL, during ‘Floyd The Barber.’ Please contact me if you have any further information.
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Ampeg V-4B

First show:
11/03/89 - Tivoli, Utrecht, NL
Last show:
12/03/89 - Astoria Theatre, London, UK (Lame Fest UK '89)
Notes:
Used as replacement for the Pro Reverb until the end of the Bleach European tour. Possibly borrowed or rented, please contact me if you have any further information.
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Sunn Concert Lead

First show (possibly):
02/11/89 - Marsugi's, San Jose, CA
Last show:
01/18/91 - Library 4300, The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA (No More Wars Benefit)
Notes:
Unclear if this belonged to Kurt or was borrowed, please contact me if you have any further information.
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Mesa Boogie Studio Preamp

First show:
05/06/90 - The Masquerade, Atlanta, GA
Notes:
Purchased on 05/02/90 in Charlotte, as his amp crapped out. (30) The settings for the Jonathan Ross show were as follows: Rhythm Channel; Bright ?; Volume ?; Master 10; Treble 8; Bass 8; Mids 9; Eq in.
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Power Amplifiers and Rack Modifications

05/09/90 - Stache's, Columbus, OH
Mesa Boogie Strategy 400 Stereo Power Amp
08/17/90 - Hollywood Palladium, Hollywood, CA
First show with Crown Power Base 2
09/28/91 - Marquee, New York, NY
A Carver PM350 was added to the rack and the case changed
11/08/91 - Limehouse Studios, London, UK (The Word)
Unknown power rented, Marshall MGP 9060 first appearance
12/06/91 - The Greenwood, London, UK (Tonight with Jonathan Ross)
Rented rig with a Mesa Boogie Strategy 400 Stereo Power Amp
12/28/91 - Pat O'Brien Pavilion, Del Mar Fairgrounds, Del Mar, CA
A Carver PM900 replaced the Marshall power and become the main power
01/10/92 - MTV Studios, New York, NY
Rented rig with a Crown Micro-Tech 1000
01/11/92 - NBC Studios, New York, NY (Saturday Night Live)
Carver PM900 and unknown power
01/24/92 - Phoenecian Club, Sydney, AU
A new long rack was assembled with a Carver and two Crest 4801 Power Amplifiers
06/22/92 - The King's Hall, Belfast, UK
The rig changed to two Carvers and one Crest
06/27/92 - Kansanpuisto, Turku, FI (Ruisrock)
A rented short rack was used with two unknown powers (same model)
06/30/92 - Sjöhistoriska Museet, Stockholm, SE
Same rented short rack with two unknown powers (same model)
08/30/92 - Richfield Avenue, Reading, UK (Reading Festival)
Same rented short rack with two Crest 4801 Power Amplifiers, possibly only one used.
09/11/92 - Seattle Center Coliseum, Seattle, WA (WMIC Benefit)
Long rack had one Carver removed
10/30/92 - Estadio José Amalfitani, Buenos Aires, AR
One Carver and two Crest 4801 Power Amplifiers, possibly only one used
01/16/93 - Estádio Cícero Pompeu de Toledo (Hollywood Rock Festival), São Paulo, BR
Two Carvers and one Crown Power Base 2
04/09/93 - Cow Palace, Daly City, CA (Tresnjevka Women's Group Benefit)
Short rack with another Mesa pre added, along the two Crests. Remained until the last show, except for Roseland Ballroom, when it had only one pre. The long was given to Pat.
Notes:
The Mesa rack was first used late on the Bleach North American Tour with a Mesa power amp, which was replaced by a Crown Power Base 2 before Sonic Youth's Goo West Coast Tour. It remained the only PA until the beginning of the Nevermind North American Tour, when a Carver PM350 was added as a backup. It was replaced by a Marshall MGP 9060 early on the Nevermind European Tour and by a Carver PM900 for the Red Hot Chili Peppers' Blood Sugar Sex Magic Tour, which become his main. Generally it's unclear which power was used (Crown or backup), but only one was on and this was maintained through his career. For TV shows, the band tended to use rented rigs with different power amps. In '92, another rig was assembled in a long rack and used for the Nevermind Pacific Rim Tour with a Carver and two Crest 4801 power amps, which were his preference. It also went on the Nevermind Rescheduled Tour, but had two Carvers and a Crest instead. A new rented short rack was sent to concerts in Finland and Sweden with two unknown power amps. Later, it was sent to Reading, but the powers were Crests. All the following one-off concerts had the long rack, which remained unchanged, except for the concerts in Argentina and Brazil (the former having a Carver and two Crests, the latter strangely two Carvers and a Crown, which was the main). In both North American and European IU tours, the short rack from '91 was used, however another pre was added as backup and the two powers were Crest 4801. There was unknown equipment in the rack on 06/10/91 at the Gothic Theatre, Englewood, CO. A Samson STD Series BR-3 wireless receiver was added on 08/20/90 at the Crest Theatre, Sacramento, CA (Sonic Youth's Goo West Coast Tour first concert).

Unknown Marshall amp

First and last show:
08/24/91 - Tanzbrunnen, Cologne, DE (Monsters of Spex)
Notes:
Borrowed from the band Rausch.
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Mesa Boogie Studio .22

First and last show:
10/24/91 - Off The Record, San Diego, CA
Notes:
Possibly a rental, please contact me if you have any further information.
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Fender Twin Reverb '65 Reissue

First show:
10/03/92 - Carver Gymnasium, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA
Last show:
10/04/92 - Crocodile Cafe, Seattle, WA
Notes:
Borrowed from Mudhoney's Steve Turner. (11)
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Unknown Fender amp

First and last show:
08/06/93 - King Performance Center (Mia Zapata Fund Benefit), Seattle, WA
Notes:
Possibly a Twin Reverb silver panel, it's unclear if this belonged to Kurt or was borrowed, please contact me if you have any further information.
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Fender Twin Reverb

First and last show:
11/18/93 - Sony Music Studios (MTV Unplugged), New York, NY
Notes:
Silver panel version, it was rented from SIR. (5)

Amplifiers used in the studio

Randall RG-120 PH Commander

Sessions:
06-09/88 - Reciprocal Recording, Seattle, WA (Love Buzz sessions)
12/88 - Reciprocal Recording, Seattle, WA (Bleach sessions)
01/01/91 - The Music Source, Seattle, WA (Abandoned demo/Smells Like Teen Spirit B-sides sessions)
02/02-26/93 - Pachyderm Recording Studio, Cannon Falls, MN (In Utero sessions)
Notes:
Jack Endino recalls Kurt using a Randall solid state amp at the "Dale demo" session, and possibly at the Love Buzz sessions, too. (15) Possibly used at the Music Source sessions (21) and was brought along to the In Utero sessions. (3)

Fender Twin Reverb '68

Session:
12/88 - Reciprocal Recording, Seattle, WA (Bleach sessions)
Notes:
Black panel model, owned by Jack Endino. It didn't have speakers, so Kurt plugged it into his cab. (15)

Unknown Peavey 1x12 solid state

Session:
09/89 - The Music Source, Seattle, WA (Blew sessions)
Notes:
Steve Fisk remembers that Kurt used a 1x12 Peavey solid state amp, the same model that Gary Lee Conner used. (16) Conner recalls having a Renown 2x12. (17)

Fender Bassman '65

Session:
04/2-6/90 - Studio A, Smart Studios, Madison, WI (Scrapped Sub Pop 2nd Album/Tribute to Velvet Underground sessions)
Notes:
Black panel model, owned by Butch Vig. Used on ‘In Bloom’ and ‘Lithium.’ (18) The bass capacitor was disconected and the power tubes were running as a triode. (19)

Sunn Beta Lead

Session:
04/2-6/90 - Studio A, Smart Studios, Madison, WI (Scrapped Sub Pop 2nd Album/Tribute to Velvet Underground sessions)
Notes:
For the most part, the band recorded using their own equipment. Assistant engineer Doug Olson recalls that Kurt had a Sunn Beta Lead and it became apparent that he was planning to use it. (18)

Fender Super Reverb

Session:
07/11 & 24/90 - Reciprocal Recording, Seattle, WA (Sliver sessions)
Notes:
Gary Thorstensen recalls that Endino mentioned somewhere that Kurt had used Tad's Fender Super Reverb, (32) which was a post-CBS version. (33) Little is known about this particular amplifier, please contact me if you have any further information.

Mesa Boogie Studio Preamp

Sessions:
05/2-28/91 - Sound City Studios, Van Nuys, CA (Nevermind sessions)
04/07/92 - Laundry Room Studio, Seattle, WA (Lithium b-sides/The Jesus Lizard split-single session)
10/25-26/92 - Word of Mouth Productions, Seattle, WA (Abandoned In Utero demo sessions)
Notes:
Brought to the Nevermind sessions along with a rented AC 30 and Fender Bassman. (20) Barrett Jones recalls Kurt having his Mesa Boogie tube preamp with a solid state power amplifier at the Laundry Room session. (22) According to Jack Endino, Kurt showed up to the In Utero demo sessions with his top-of-the-line Mesa Boogie rack gear that sounded "completely colorless and washed out – but was loud as fuck." (15) For the In Utero sessions, Steve Albini remembers that Kurt had his Mesa Boogie preamp with a power amp, but it "sounded awful and we never used it." (3)

Fender Bassman '63

Session:
05/2-28/91 - Sound City Studios, Van Nuys, CA (Nevermind sessions)
Notes:
It was rented (20) and Butch Vig recalls that it didn't sound the same as the one that he had at Smart Studios. (23) According to Dave Friedman, who delivered the rented amps for the session, it was a '63 version. (24) The matching cab had Jensen speakers. (29)

Vox AC 30

Session:
05/2-28/91 - Sound City Studios, Van Nuys, CA (Nevermind sessions)
Notes:
It was rented and used on ‘Lounge Act’ (20) and ‘Smells Like Teen Spirit.’ (25)

Fender Twin Reverb

Session:
01/19-21/93 - Studio B, BMG Ariola LTDA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (In Utero demo sessions)
Notes:
The guitar was recorded through a Twin with a Neumann U67. (21) Earnie recalls it may have been a silver panel version. (26)
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Fender Quad Reverb

Session:
02/12-2/93 - Pachyderm Recording Studio, Cannon Falls, MN (In Utero sessions)
Notes:
Krist bought this amp from a local ad. It was later gifted to Courtney, after Earnie had gone through it. It didn't have a flight case (5) and arrived with only one power tube working. (3) Kurt's Twin was not shipped to Pachyderm and the amp that was used on Unplugged was rented from SIR. (5)

Marshall 2104 JMP-50 MKII Lead Combo

Session:
01/28-30/94 - Robert Lang Studios, North Seattle, WA (‘You Know You're Right’ session)
Notes:
Kurt didn't bring any equipment to the studio, so he used the studio's amp instead, which he hated. (27)

References

  1. Juliens Auctions, 2020, [online] Available at: Link
  2. Cobain, Kurt, 2003. Journals. Riverhead Books.
  3. Albini, Steve & 'rock-phillistine', 2020. "Steve Albini AMA." Reddit, [online] Available at: Link
  4. Graham, Pat, 2011. Instrument. Chronicle Books.
  5. Bailey, Earnie, 2020. Personal communication with Caio Leme.
  6. Beckner, Justin, 2019. Nirvana tech talks why Kurt liked Fender guitars, clarifies whether Cobain ever played a Les Paul. Ultimate Guitar, [online] Available at: Link
  7. Gaar, Gillian G., 2006. In Utero, Continuum 33 1/3.
  8. Robson, Paul, 2020. Butch Vig shares the guitar recording sectrets of Nirvana, the Smashing Pumpkins, Foo Fighters and more. Guitar.com, [online] Available at: Link
  9. Grill, Chris, 2021. The definitive Kurt Cobain gear guide. Guitar World [online] Available at: Link
  10. Albini, Steve & 'damntang', 2007. "ask music scene micro celebrity." Two Plus Two Forums, [online] Available at: Link
  11. Haberman, Brian, 2002. The Kurt Cobain Equipment F.A.Q., [online] Available at: Link
  12. Lawrence, Chris, 1996. Kurt Cobain/Nirvana Equipment Tutorial, [online] Available at: Link
  13. Bonhams, 2019, [online] Available at: Link
  14. England, Lance, 2022. PNW Music Archives Facebook Group.
  15. Endino, Jack, 1997. Jack's Nirvana F.A.Q., [online] Available at: Link
  16. Sarkissian, Daniel & Fisk, Steve, 2020. Steve Fisk full interview, [online] Available at: Link
  17. Gary Lee Conner & "rock-phillistine," 2021. Gary Lee Conner-Caught Between (live acoustic), [online] Available at: Link
  18. Berkenstadt, Jim & Cross, Charles, R., 1998. Classic Rock Albums: Nevermind. Schirmer Books.
  19. Vig, Butch, 2022. Butch Vig's 10 essential pieces for the Smart Studios sound. Reverb.com, [online] Available at: Link
  20. Handerson, Peter 1998. Titanic! The Nevermind Recording Sessions. MOJO #54. [online] Available at: Link
  21. Montgomery, Craig, & Bär, Daniel, 2010. "Craig Montgomery AMA." Live Nirvana. Available at: Link
  22. Liepe, Chris, 2022. Nirvana Producer Breaks Down Kurt Cobain's Screams (What Made Kurt's Screams So Unique?), [online] Available at: Link
  23. Classic Albums: Nevermind, 2005. [DVD] Eagle Vision
  24. Friedman, Dave, 2021. Personal communication with Caio Leme.
  25. Vig, Butch, 2021. Nirvana Twitter, Butch Vig take over, [online] Available at: Link
  26. Bailey, Earnie, 2022. Personal communication with Live Nirvana forum member Miki Johansen.
  27. Gaar, Gillian G., 2004. NIRVANA: The Lost Tapes, MOJO, [online] Available at: Link
  28. Albini, Steve, 2023. Personal communication with Caio Leme.
  29. Brauer, Andy, 2023. Personal communication with Caio Leme.
  30. Borzillo, Carry, 2000. Eyewitness Nirvana: The Day By Day Chronicle. Carlton Books.
  31. Alden, Grant, 1990. Interview with Krist Novoselic and Chad Channing. [online] Available at: Link
  32. Thorstensen, Gary, 2023. Personal communication with Caio Leme.
  33. Schneider, Josh 2021. In Search Of Tone: Tad Doyle Of TAD, Brothers Of The Sonic Cloth & Witch Ape Studio. The Sleeping Shaman Webzine [online] Available at: Link
  34. Premier Guitar, 2023. Rig Rundown: Mudhoney's Mark Arm & Steve Turner. [online] Available at: Link
  35. Church, Al & Albini, Steve, 2023. Steve Albini talks Kurt's guitars and Heart-Shaped Box I Permanent Record plays live at Pachyderm. [online] Available at: Link
© 2023–Present: Caio Leme. No part of this article may be reproduced without the prior written permission of the author.